If you are experiencing symptoms that could be indicative of multiple myeloma, your doctor may order a blood test, urine test, or imaging test to look for signs of the disease. A blood test can help determine if your white blood cell count, red blood cell count, or hemoglobin levels are abnormal, which can be a sign of multiple myeloma.
A urine test looks for traces of abnormal proteins that are released by myeloma cells. Imaging tests such as X-rays, MRI scans, and CT scans can be used to diagnose and monitor the progression of the disease by looking for bone lesions or enlarged lymph nodes.
In some cases, a bone marrow biopsy may be done to look for the presence of myeloma cells. If multiple myeloma is suspected, your doctor may request additional tests such as a skeletal survey, immunofixation, or flow cytometry to confirm the diagnosis and to help determine the best treatment for you.
Table of Contents
Does multiple myeloma show up in blood tests?
Yes, multiple myeloma can show up in blood tests. The most common blood tests used to diagnose multiple myeloma are a complete blood count (CBC) and a serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP). A CBC is used to measure the number of red and white blood cells and platelets in the blood, while an SPEP looks at protein levels in the blood.
If these tests detect a high number of abnormal plasma cells in the blood, it may indicate multiple myeloma. Other tests may be needed to confirm a diagnosis. These include a bone marrow biopsy, bone scan, imaging tests, and genetic testing.
With all of these tests, multiple myeloma can be detected and diagnosed.
Can a routine blood test detect multiple myeloma?
Yes, a routine blood test can detect multiple myeloma. A complete blood count (CBC) measures the number of red and white blood cells, platelets, and hemoglobin in a blood sample. The presence of abnormal amounts of these cells can indicate multiple myeloma.
Additionally, a physician can use a serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) to identify the presence of an abnormal antibody known as monoclonal immunoglobulin or M-protein, which is associated with multiple myeloma.
A lab technician can use immunofixation and other tests to confirm the diagnosis of multiple myeloma.
Can myeloma be missed in a blood test?
Yes, it is possible for myeloma to be missed in a blood test. Myeloma is an incurable cancer of the blood, and can be difficult to detect because it often does not cause any symptoms or problems in the early stages.
Blood tests are the most common way to screen for myeloma, but they do not always pick up the disease in its early stages before symptoms appear. This is because myeloma cells can be present in low levels in the blood and often go undetected if they are below the threshold of the test.
In addition, some of the more common blood tests such as full blood count may not always be sensitive enough to pick up myeloma. Therefore, it is important to speak with a healthcare professional if you are concerned that you may have myeloma and be sure to discuss all your options for early detection.
What is usually the first early symptom of multiple myeloma?
The early symptoms of multiple myeloma are often vague and non-specific, which can make diagnosing the condition difficult. Common early signs and symptoms of multiple myeloma include fatigue, increased incidence of infections, bone pain, difficulty breathing and unusual bleeding or bruising due to a low platelet count.
Other early symptoms may include anemia, weight loss, an enlarged and tender abdomen, weakness and dizziness. In some cases, there may be no early symptoms at all. If you experience any of these symptoms, it’s important to speak with your doctor, as early diagnosis and treatment of multiple myeloma can improve long-term outcomes and increase the number of treatment options available.
What are the red flags for multiple myeloma?
The red flags for Multiple Myeloma include persistent bone pain, especially in the back, pelvis, ribs, or skull; fatigue; weight loss; frequent infections; anemia; hypercalcemia (high levels of calcium in the blood); and bone fractures.
Other symptoms may include neuropathy (nerve damage) leading to tingling sensations, numbness, or decreased sensation in the hands and feet; an increase in abnormal or immature plasma cells in the bone marrow; darkened urine; increased levels of immunoglobulins, which are proteins made by the immune system; and “M” spikes, which appearing elevated on a blood test.
While these are the most common red flags for Multiple Myeloma, it is important to note that some people may not experience any symptoms at all and the disorder may be discovered through routine blood tests.
Can CBC be normal with multiple myeloma?
Yes, it is possible for a CBC (complete blood count) to be normal in people with multiple myeloma. Although multiple myeloma is a cancer of the blood, it does not always cause abnormal blood results.
Specifically, multiple myeloma can cause abnormal levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelet counts, but these are not always present. Moreover, some people with multiple myeloma may have tumors that do not produce enough proteins, which can make the blood results appear normal.
It is important to note that having a normal CBC does not mean you don’t have multiple myeloma and it is best to receive a diagnosis from a qualified healthcare professional.
When should I suspect myeloma?
It is important to be aware of the signs and symptoms associated with myeloma in order to suspect it. Some symptoms that may indicate the presence of myeloma include persistent fatigue, unexplained broken bones, frequent fever and infections, anemia, severe bone pain, unexplained weight loss, and increased thirst.
If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to speak with a doctor right away.
Your doctor may order a number of tests to rule out other medical conditions and make a diagnosis. These may include a complete blood count, urine tests to check for protein and sugar, testing for paraproteins, or a bone marrow test.
A biopsy of the bone marrow may also be necessary.
Being aware of the signs and symptoms of myeloma can help you identify if there is cause for concern. Speaking with a doctor about any unusual symptoms you experience is the best way to determine if further testing is necessary.
What conditions are mistaken for myeloma?
Myeloma is a type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow, and can be mistaken for various other medical conditions including lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and leukemia. Lymphoma is a cancer that affects the lymph nodes and other areas in the body.
It is usually associated with an enlarged lymph node, but can also mimic myeloma depending on which type of lymphoma is present. Multiple myeloma is a rare type of cancer that doesn’t always show symptoms, but when it does, it is often mistaken for myeloma due to the persistent elevated protein levels in the blood or urine.
Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood cells and primarily affects the white blood cells. It often presents with low levels of red blood cells, which is why it can be mistaken for myeloma.
Other medical conditions that can be mistaken for myeloma include autoimmune diseases, infections such as hepatitis and HIV, and bone diseases such as arthritis and osteoporosis. All of these conditions may present with symptoms that mimic myeloma, and in some cases a diagnosis of myeloma can only be confirmed with further testing.
What is the most definitive test to confirm a diagnosis of multiple myeloma?
In order to confirm a diagnosis of multiple myeloma (MM), the most definitive test is a bone marrow biopsy. This involves taking a small sample of bone marrow from an area near the hip bone or breastbone and examining it under a microscope.
The sample is taken using a thin needle that is inserted through the skin under local anesthesia. During the test, the lab technician will look for bone marrow cells that make up the abnormal growth of MM.
The technician will also look for signs of cancer in the bone marrow and other parts of the body. If the results of the test come back positive, then a diagnosis of MM can be confirmed. A bone marrow biopsy is the most definitive test to confirm a diagnosis of MM.
Other tests, such as a complete blood count and a calcium level test, can help rule out other diseases and further support a diagnosis of MM.
Where does myeloma pain start?
Myeloma pain typically starts in the bones and spine. It typically causes localized pain, discomfort, and tenderness around areas where bones may be affected. Myeloma typically affects the spine, ribs, pelvis, and long bones of the arms and legs.
The pain can also spread to the neck, back, shoulders, and hips. Myeloma can also cause nerve and joint pain, as well as fatigue, difficulty sleeping, and difficulty performing everyday activities. Depending on the location, the pain can range from mild to severe.
If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to see a doctor as soon as possible.
What can be confused with myeloma?
Myeloma can be confused with other forms of cancer and bone marrow diseases, such as leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and amyloidosis. It can also be confused with other non-malignant disorders of the bone marrow, such as sickle cell disease, thalassemia, Gaucher’s disease, and osteoarthritis.
Additionally, it can be confused with other conditions that can also cause pain, such as tendonitis and other overuse injuries. However, the distinguishing characteristics of myeloma are abnormal clonal proliferation of antibody-producing plasma cells located within the bone marrow.
This can be identified through a number of laboratory tests, including imaging, blood work, and biopsies of the bone marrow or other tissues.
How is multiple myeloma first detected?
Multiple myeloma is typically first detected through a series of blood tests and/or imaging scans. A common blood test is a complete blood count (CBC) which can demonstrate an elevated white blood cell count which is a telltale sign of multiple myeloma.
Additionally, a chemistry panel may be used to check for an elevated level of the protein monoclonal immunoglobulin (M-Ig) which is a strong indicator for multiple myeloma. A complete protein electrophoresis (or Immunofixation electrophoresis) test can then be performed to further assess for M-Ig and other related proteins.
Imaging scans, such as an MRI, CT or PET-CT scan, may also be used to detect any structural/bone involvement associated with multiple myeloma. The results of these tests can then be used to determine the extent and severity of multiple myeloma and the best treatment plan.
Which 3 laboratory markers are involved in the staging and prognosis of multiple myeloma?
The 3 laboratory markers most commonly involved in the staging and prognosis of multiple myeloma are the serum albumin, beta-2-microglobulin, and lactate dehydrogenase. These markers are used to assess disease burden and prognosis in patients.
The serum albumin level is important in multiple myeloma as it can indicate patient nutrition, which in turn can affect prognosis. Low serum albumin levels are associated with poor salvage chemotherapy response and shortened overall survival.
Beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) is a protein produced by cancerous or malignant cells of multiple myeloma, and is used in determining the severity of the disease. High levels are associated with more severe disease, increased risk of progression and worse prognosis.
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme found in all cells that helps to release energy and oxygen from stores in the body. High LDH levels are an indicator of possible multiple myeloma involvement and can help to predict longer treatment times, and an increased risk of disease progression.
Combined, these three markers are important in determining the stage and prognosis of multiple myeloma, and should be monitored closely throughout treatment.
